Johannes Kepler Essay Example For Students

Johannes Kepler Essay Johannes Kepler was conceived on December 27, 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Germany. Keplers granddad was apparently from a respectable foundation, and once Mayor of Weil. In any case, Keplers father turned into a soldier of fortune who barely kept away from the scaffold. Keplers mother, Katherine, was raised by an auntie who was in the long run scorched as a witch. In later years, Katherine herself was blamed for Devil love, and scarcely got away from being scorched at the stake. Kepler had six siblings and sisters, three of which, kicked the bucket in early stages. In his childhood, Johannes was depicted as: ckly youngster, with flimsy appendages and an enormous, pale face encompassed by dim wavy hair. He was brought into the world with blemished vision nearsightedness in addition to anocular polyopy (numerous vision). His stomach and nerve bladder gave consistent difficulty; he experienced bubbles, rashes, and perhaps from heaps, for he discloses to us that he would never sit still for any time allotment (Koestler, p 24)From this foreboding beginning, Johannes Kepler started his entrancing excursion as a pioneer in cosmology. Johannes Kepler moved on from the Faculty of Arts at the University of Tuebingen at twenty years old, planning to register into the Theological Faculty. It was here that Kepler learned and turned into a follower of the heliocentric hypothesis of planetary movement, first created by the Dutch cosmologist Nicolaus Copernicus. In 1594, Kepler left Tuebingen for the University of Graz to turn into a teacher of cosmology. It was here that Kepler understood that figures of the sort appeared here decide an unmistakable fixed proportion between the spans of the two circles, gave the triangle has all sides equivalent, and an alternate proportion of sizes will happen for a square between the two circles, another for an ordinary pentagon, etc. Kepler accepted this could be utilized to decide the circles of planets in the nearby planetary group. Sadly, Kepler continued from a bogus supposition: specifically, that the circles of the planet were roundabout. In spite of the way that his counts didn't coordinate known planetary information, Kepler assumed that Copernicuss information was in blunder, and delivered this chart of circles, where the external ring speaks to the circle of Saturn. Kepler remained at the University of Graz until 1600, when he was constrained to leave because of his Lutheran confidence. Kepler headed out to the observatory of the celebrated Danish Astronomer and Imperial Mathematician Tycho Brahe, where he became Brahes right hand. Apparently, the connection between the two was stressed. We have recently talked about Keplers childhood. Conversely, Brahe was from a refined foundation who shared Keplers not exactly shining character. Thus, the two persistently fought, and for the most part neglected to determine their scholarly and individual contrasts. In any case, the two understood that they required one another. Subsequently, both gained from every others compositions. Brahe kicked the bucket in 1601, and Kepler expected his post as magnificent mathematicus. What's more, Rudolph II mentioned his administration as court cosmologist, which Kepler preformed until Rudolphs passing in 1612, During his residency as court space expert, Johannes Kepler toiled more than one of his most great works: Astronomia Nova. His essential inspiration was to endeavor to figure the circle of Mars. One offshot of this work was the detailing of the ideas that were in the end known as the initial two of Kepler’s Laws. In 1612, Kepler became common mathematician to Linz, in upper Austria. Throughout the following fourteen years, Kepler distributed Harmonice Mundi, in which Kepler sketched out his third law. Moreover, he distributed the Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, which joined the entirety of his revelations together. In any case, Keplers individual life was far less fruitful. His first spouse, Barbara, and their two children kicked the bucket from the fever and little pox in 1612. In 1615, Kepler was expelled from the congregation, and his mom was put being investigated for being a witch.. .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 , .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 .postImageUrl , .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 , .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3:hover , .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3:visited , .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3:active { border:0!important; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3:active , .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc291158228f3 db04e9f9bcf6250804c3 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc291158228f3db04e9f9bcf6250804c3:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: ATM Lines EssayDespite these tribulations, Kepler finished the Tabulae Rudolfinae in 1625. These tables decreased the mean blunders in tables of planetary movement altogether. Nonetheless, political agitation drove in the devastation of his home during a laborer revolt, leaving Kepler without a lasting living arrangement. Johannes Kepler was named the private mathematicus in the recently procured Duchy of Sagan in 1628. Lamentably, neither this position nor his past one was a rewarding calling because of the Thirty Years War. All things considered, Kepler was left obtaining cash to make a trip to gather an old obligation leaving his subsequent spouse and youngsters behind, poverty stricken. Unfortunately, he passed on in transit on November 15, 1630 in the town of Ratisbon. Kepler, right up 'til the present time, stays probably the best figure in space science. Be that as it may, his undertakings were not simply restricted to this field. He is regularly called the originator of present day optics for his first utilization of eyeglasses intended for astigmatism and farsightedness, his clarifications of vision by refraction inside the eyes, and his clarification of the utilization of the two eyes for profundity discernment. Moreover, he clarified the standards of the telescope. His book Stereometrica Doliorum framed the premise of fundamental math. First to clarify that the tides are brought about by the Moon (Galileo reproached him for this). First to utilize heavenly parallax brought about by the Earths circle to attempt to quantify the separation to the stars; a similar rule as profundity discernment. First to recommend that the Sun turns about its pivot in Astronomia Nova First to determine the birth year of Christ, that is presently generally acknowledged.

Definition and Examples of Research

Definition and Examples of Research Research is the assortment and assessment of data about a specific subject. The all-encompassing motivation behind research is to respond to questions and create new information. Sorts of Research Two wide ways to deal with examine are usually perceived, however these various methodologies may cover. Set forth plainly, quantitative research includes theâ systematic assortment and investigation of information, while subjective research includes the contemplated use and assortment of an assortment of observational materials, which may incorporate contextual investigation, individual experience, thoughtfulness, biography, interviews, ancient rarities, [and] social writings and creations (The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2005). At last, blended technique researchâ (sometimes called triangulation) has been characterized as the consolidation of different subjective and quantitative systems inside a solitary venture. There are different methods of arranging distinctive research techniques and approaches. For instance, humanism professor Russell Schutt sees that [d]eductive research starts at the purpose of hypothesis, inductive research starts with information yet finishes with hypothesis, and engaging examination starts with information and closures with exact generalizations(Investigating the Social World, 2012). In the expressions of brain science educator Wayne Weiten, No single research strategy is perfect for all reasons and circumstances. A significant part of the inventiveness in look into includes choosing and fitting the strategy to the inquiry at hand(Psychology: Themes and Variations, 2014). School Research Assignments School investigate assignments are an open door for you to add to a scholarly request or discussion. Most school assignments pose you to represent an inquiry worth investigating, to peruse broadly looking for potential answers, to decipher what you read, to make contemplated inferences, and to help those ends with legitimate and very much recorded proof. Such assignments may from the start appear to be overpowering, yet in the event that you suggest a conversation starter that interests you and approaches it like an investigator, with certified interest, you will before long figure out how remunerating exploration can be.Admittedly, the procedure requires some serious energy: time for inquiring about and time for drafting, overhauling, and archiving the paper in the style suggested by your educator. Before starting an exploration venture, you should set a reasonable timetable of deadlines.(Diana Hacker, The Bedford Handbook, sixth ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2002) Ability must be invigorated by realities and thoughts. Doâ research. Feed your ability. Research not just successes the war onâ cliche, its the way to triumph over dread and its cousin, depression.(Robert McKee, Story: Style, Structure, Substance, and the Principles of Screenwriting. HarperCollins, 1997) A Framework for Conducting Research Starting analysts need to begin by utilizing the seven stages recorded underneath. The way isn't generally straight, however these means give a system to directing research...(Leslie F. Stebbins, Student Guide to Research in the Digital Age. Libraries Unlimited, 2006) Characterize your examination questionAsk for helpDevelop an exploration methodology and find resourcesUse viable hunt techniquesRead fundamentally, combine, and look for meaningUnderstand the insightful correspondence procedure and refer to sourcesCritically assess sources Compose What You Know I allude to [the composing motto] Write what you know, and issues develop when it’s deciphered to imply that first-grade educators should (just?) expound on being a first-grade instructor, short-story authors living in Brooklyn ought to expound on being a short-story essayist living in Brooklyn, thus forth...Writers who are personally acquainted with their subject produce all the more knowing, progressively certain and, accordingly, more grounded results...But that order isn't great, inferring, as it does, that one’s composed yield ought to be constrained to one’s interests. A few people don’t feel energetic around one given subject, which is unfortunate yet shouldn’t relegate them to the sidelines of the universe of exposition. Luckily, this problem has a loophole: you can really procure information. In news-casting, this is called detailing, and in true to life, look into... [T]he thought is to research the subject till you can expound on it with complete certainty and authority. Being a sequential master is really a cool aspect concerning the very endeavor of composing: You learn ’em and leave ’em.(Ben Yagoda, Should We Write What We Know? The New York Times, July 22, 2013) The Lighter Side of Research  Poking a dead raccoon isn't look into. (Bart Simpson, The Simpsons) Google isn't an equivalent word for look into. (Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol, 2009)I locate that an extraordinary piece of the data I have was obtained by looking into something and discovering something different in transit. (Franklin Pierce Adams, cited in Readers Digest, October 1960)

The Legitimacy Question Surrounding the Death Penalty Research Paper - 1

The Legitimacy Question Surrounding the Death Penalty - Research Paper Example The writing on the subject of capital punishment mirrors the polar idea of the discussion, however strangely, the two sides use insights to help their separate positions. This is odd in light of the fact that the clichã © â€Å"statistics don’t lie† doesn't appear to apply. Be that as it may, fundamentally, the issue is the means by which the two sides utilize their insights. A contention, for example, â€Å"death punishment dissuades future murders†, all things considered, can't both be valid and be bogus simultaneously. Notwithstanding, a fast look at the writing shows it is in fact workable for both a case and its invalidation to discover factual help. Furthermore, inquire about is frequently done into the measurements of capital punishment in light of a particular contention. For example, two significant articles throughout the entire existence of the discussion attempt to offer a response to whether there is a racial predisposition against specific minoriti es in how capital punishment is handled.â The primary article was composed by Isaac Ehrlich and distributed in 1975 managing the obstruction impact of capital punishment. In it, he comments that the obstacle contention against capital punishment is one of numerous contentions put favor on the side of the training: specifically, that the idea capital punishment will make a potential executioner â€Å"think twice† about perpetrating a brutal wrongdoing. This is a â€Å"economic† approach and guard to kill, which legitimizes the motivation based methodology Ehrlich produces in dissecting the discouragement results. The model he makes is intended to speak to a monetary model of homicide to test against accessible information for approval. The model he makes is intended to speak to a monetary model of homicide to test against accessible information for approval. The model he produces throughout his article examines acquiring openings, business, the likelihood of trepidation, the likelihood of conviction, and recurre nce of fierce wrongdoing against genuine brutal wrongdoing rates.â

The American Dollar Against The Euro Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The Euro was launched on January 1, 1999, when 11 countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain) came together as one European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) with a common currency Euro. After two years Greece joined EU. A common currency and monetary policy direct was created by the European Central Bank (ECU) after which all members of European Union fixed their currency in a specific rate against the  euro. During the first few years of Euro existence, it was depreciating against USD, and from 2001 for a significant period the euro began to appreciate, and only interrupted in 2005 for a short period, and reached it record level in April 2008. Various schools of thoughts have offered differing explanations for the fluctuation of euro and dollar exchange rate trend. Before the euro had been introduced United States experienced structural improvements in productivity, which is affected by the high rate of return on capital. With the higher rate of return, foreign direct investments (FDI) flowed to the United States (see appendix, figure.1), which might explain 1990s appreciation of the US dollar by almost 40% over the euro (Schnatz et. Al., 2004). In fact, the dollar appreciated and reached 0.852 dollar per 1 euro in October 2000 (Chen et. Al., 2006). Neck (2001) explains depreciation of the euro at the first stages against the US dollar. He explains that the depreciation was due to the fact that euro introduced as a cash and coins only in the beginning of 2002, the demand of the investors portfolio for the euro was low due to lack of transparency of the new currency. Moreover, many other studies believe that appreciation of the dollar in 1999-2002 happened due to other factors. Meredith (2001) poised that as equity price increased in United States, the overall market capitalization reached its highest level. This has an effect on investment and consumption boost. He thinks as demand shock exists it causes long-term interest rates to increase, which is an effect on capital inflow, for this reason, appreciation of the US dollar. Many economists believe that strong oil price rebound effected on appreciation of the US dollar against the Euro. However, Meredith (2001) argues this approach, in his research shows that the oil price change has only minor effects on exchange rate fluctuation. He proved his approach by carrying out a research based on past experience of oi l price changes. His study shows that oil price volatility does not show high changes in fluctuation of the Euro Dollar trend movements as seen in 1999-2000. However, in mid 2001, euro started to rebound against the dollar and reached a historical highest point of 1.31 dollar per 1 euro in January 2005 (Sapir, 2005). The appreciation of the euro or depreciation of the dollar can be explained by the fact that from 2001 United States experienced a current account deficit (see appendix, figure.2), which reached 5.5 percent in 2004 (Sapir, 2005). Sapir (2005) explains that economists believe that the US deficit is a product of high level of US public and private consumption, which is financed by high public borrowing and low private saving, and reached 3 percent of GDP in 2005. The appreciation of the euro against the US dollar can be also explained by increasing Euro market share in total world export of goods (see appendix, figure.3), which are 16% and significantly higher that Uni ted States and Japan market shares (Shams, 2005). During the 1990s United States owned 12% of total world export of goods and decreased up to 9.7% in 2003 (Shams, 2005). In late 2001 companies such as Enron, World Com, Tycon and many others were involved in accounting scandals (Paul, et. al., 2003). Negative signaling news affected on falling investors confidence in US stock market, mutual fund market, and bond market, which has had an impact on the depreciation of the US dollar. Stage 2: 2002 2005 3 As the Euro became a denomination currency in 2002, it started appreciating for the next 2 years. Furthermore, US were making an attempt to curtail its international trade deficit by increasing exports thus leading to depreciation of its currency (Shams, 2005). During 2003 US dollar continued experiencing depreciation against the euro, many experts explain this down movement due to Iraqs war, which negatively affected investors confidence on holding  Dollars (Dougherty, 2004). In 2004 the dollar strengthened for the first few months. However towards September, the Dollar reversed course quickly. This reversal was caused by continued spikes in the cost of oil and Lack of confidence in the US economy which was aggregated by its heavy long term borrowing lead to the depreciation of the Dollar (Dougherty, 2004). Stage 3: 2005 2006 4 During 2005 USD/EUR trend is showing positive increase, appreciation of the dollar after four years of continues depreciation against the euro. There are many issues explaining the reason of dollar appreciation, but the main explanation of this issue is that interest rate in United States expected to grow continually. During the year interest rate increased from 2.25% until 4.25% (see appendix, figure.4). US economy was starting to show positive signs of economic growth leading to appreciation of the Dollar.  [5]  Due to high yield and growing economy, foreign direct investments increased proportionally. Stage 4: 2006 2008 6 However, in August 2006 US government combined with Federal Reserve agency stopped raising interest rate while in EU the interest rate continued to raise (Le, 2006). For international traders this decision was the perfect opportunity to sell off dollars and buy out euro, which soon affected depreciation of the US dollar and appreciation of the euro (Le, 2006).  In 2007 US dollar depreciated at a record level against the euro and reached the maximum low position. Depreciation happened due to US credit-market loss, in other words, Subprime crisis, and speculative attacks due to Federal Reserves prompted to cut interest rate (Bloomberg, 2007). Macdonald (2007) ascribes the weakness of the dollar in 2007 due to continued spending of the Unites States government on combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, and according to the Congressional Budget Office for the June 2007 US spent around 500 billion US dollars. Stage 5: 2008 2009 7 Appreciation of the euro against the dollar continued until year 2008 reaching the record peak 1.6037 dollar per 1 euro. The rapidly increasing oil price since the end of 2007 until beginning of 2008 is the reason behind strong depreciation of US dollar over the year (see appendix, figure.5). According to Bjorland (2008) oil importing countries exchange rates are negatively related to oil price shock. Higher oil price reduces the total usage of energy in production, because it becomes more costly for the company. Hence, the net quantity produced by the company decreases, which affects net revenue and this, is followed by reduction in consumption and investment spending. However, in the late 2008 dollar started to appreciate rapidly against the euro. One of the reasons of such movement is decreasing oil price until February 2009, as oil price and exchange rate is negatively related in oil importing countries. Economists also explain these changes as highly increased demand for US Tr easury bills as it is safety investment during the crisis period (McCauley, 2009). Furthermore US banks offered the highest yield, stimulating capital inflow and appreciating the local currency (McCauley, 2009). Stage 6: 2009 2010 8 After one year of appreciation of the dollar against the euro, dollar suddenly down turned against the euro in 2009. One of the reasons for continues depreciation of the dollar in 2009 is the hiked up price for gold (see appendix, figure.6). In 2009 gold price reached its record level of 1227.50 dollars per ounce (Gold Investing, 2010). As the dollar continued to depreciate and price for the gold increase, investors switched to safer alternative investments such as gold, this affected on continues pressure on dollar depreciation (Gold Investing, 2010). Stage 7: January 2010 February 2010 9 In February 2010, EU experienced economic downturn, as Greece suffered economic troubles (see appendix, figure.7). The European Central Bank announced that Greece experienced twin deficits and lost its export competitiveness, this also affected overall European export performance. Over the year European export decreased by $ 109.1 billion. This economic shock negatively affected exchange rate and the Euro depreciated against the US dollars. (Arestis, et. al., 2010). In conclusion, since 2001, the US dollar depreciated almost by 30% against major international currencies, and one of them is Euro. After launching on January 1, 1999, the overall trend Euro against US dollar is appreciating. However, from the chart it is possible to detect that US dollar is appreciated against Euro in some time period. On De Grauwe (2000) research paper explains a change in exchange rate fluctuation is due to news in the fundamental. Hence, appreciation and depreciation of the dollar or the euro lea d to positive or negative news. For example, when Federal Reserve announced that it wants to increase its interest rate, such news is a positive signal for the investors, and action is taken immediately, as seen later dollar appreciated against the euro in  2005. Apart from investor speculation, other major factors contributed to the exchange rate volatility. These factors include introduction of Euro cash and coins, US deficit, war in Afghanistan and Iraq, oil price shocks and current financial crisis. From a long-term view, dollar is losing its position against the Euro, and Euro is promising great potential in near future. Word count: 1,592 2. Hong Kong should dismantle its fixed exchange rate peg with US dollar. Instead it should peg its currency with the Chinese Renminbe (CNY) or allow its currency to float freely. In 1983 Hong Kong exchange rate system moved from a conventional floating rate to an unconventional fixed rate linked to the US dollar (Lui, et. al., 1989). New changes in exchange rate system attracted international interest, because Hong Kong has become one of the developed and largest financial centers in the world. There exists a continuous debate on whether Hong Kong should shift to a floating exchange rate regime or continue with its fixed peg to the US dollar. We show the pros and cons of both regimes using Hong Kong and Singapore as examples. The cause for the East Asia economic crisis is currency crisis. In mid 1997 the Thai baht was experiencing heavy pressure, this instability spread to the other East Asia country currencies, the Malaysia ringgit, the Indonesian rupiah, the Philippine peso, and even to Singapore dollar. In October 1997, economic crisis reached Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and affected countries even outside Asia. (Tsang, et. al., 1999). During the Asian crisis in 1997-1998, the Hong Kong dollar, which is pegged to US dollar, survived from speculative attacks by international hedge funds. This proved that Hong Kongs exchange rate regime struggled positively to the negative turmoil. However, many economists are doubtful whether the current exchange rate regime will prevent Hong Kong dollar from cyclical speculative attacks. (Lu, et. al., 1999) After the economic crisis in East Asia, Singapore experienced fast economic and financial growth. Economists explain this success due to managed floating exchange rate regime of Singapore, and offer a valuable lesson for Hong Kong exchange rate regime. (Lu, et. al., 1999) Hong Kong and Singapores economies and the way they are developing are close to each other in the East Asia area. Both economies are small and open, both were under British Empire and applied British common law regime, and in both economies domestic private sector and public services are well functioni ng. (Rajan et. al., 2002) However, during the Asian economic crisis, the Hong Kong exchange rate regime showed its vulnerability to negative shocks. Both Singapore and Hong Kong were affected by the crisis, but in different ways.  (Cheung et. al., 2002). Singapores economy was affected mainly because half of Singapores external trade is dealing with Southeast Asia countries such as: Malaysia, Thailand, Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Indonesia. After July 1997 all these countries suffered from economic distress. In contrast, Hong Kongs external trade involves dealing with countries such as: Taiwan, China, United States and Europe, countries not suffered from Asian economic crisis. As Honk Kong dollar was highly used in the Asian region and as other currencies fall all over Asia, Hong Kongs dollar was viewed as unsustainable. During the Asian crisis, Hong Kongs economy experienced difficult days, because of its local currency which was pegged to US dollar, and several speculative attacks on the HK dollar. In comparison with Singapore, Hong Kongs economy went into recession half year earlier, and experienced slower recovery rate. Even though, Hong Kong government continues to peg its currency to US dollar, and local business community supports this exchange rate regime. There are two beliefs why government and business community supports fixed rate. (Lu, et. al., 1999). Firstly, Hong Kong government believes that there exist long-term benefits from pegging Honk Kong dollar to US dollar. Government and business communities believe that current system was working well and can work now, during bad times any type of regime can be negatively affected by any crisis, and changing in the exchange rate regime would destabilize the economy and create panic. (Lu, et. al., 1999). Secondly Honk Kong government and business community worry about losing leading position of being the international financial center in East Asia.   They think, if Hong Kong dollar was not fixed to a strong currency like the US dollar, the unstable and weak Hong Kong dollar would discourage investors. Hong Kong may experience a capital outflow as they have an open economy. However, experience of Singapore and Taiwan is illustrative of expose above believes.   In 1997 Taiwan changed its exchange rate regime to floating; this did not discourage investors confidence in the economy, no capital outflow, and the economy became the most flexible in the Southeast Asia region during the Asian crisis. During the crisis, Singapores dollars depreciated more that 15% against the US dollar. These changes in the economy did not discourage investors confidence, continued to be a leader on regional financial center with future potentials.  These experiences show that floating exchange rate regime can protect itself from speculative currency attack. (Lu, et. al., 1999). By analyzing economic backgrounds of both Hong Kong and Singapore countries, bot h economies were the healthiest among other East Asian countries during the East Asia crisis. To be well performed for such a negative shock, government collected enormous fiscal reserves. Both economies have been lowest regional outperforming loan ratios, largest reserve funds and highest capital sufficient ratios. During the Asian crisis, Hong Kong and Singapore showed great flexibility in quick adjustments of labor market and property price volatility control. (Cheung et. al., 2002). If Hong Kong applied Singapores exchange rate system, it would be easier to defend the own currency from speculative attack, because for speculators it would be riskier to speculate on none preannounce exchange rate.   Under the floating exchange rate regime, the speculators would not have prior knowledge on how monetary authorities will respond on volatility of its own currency.  Having a strong reserve, the monetary authorities can easily minimize losses from speculative attacks, a nd Singapore exchange rate policy and speculative attacks on Singapores dollars in 1985 is a good example. (Lu, et. al., 1999). Changing from fixed up the floating exchange rate regime, Hong Kong should considerably boost business and investors confidence in the economy. As Singapore is almost similar as Hong Kong economy, it should be enough to convince Hong Kong to adopt a floating exchange rate regime, as did Singapore in 1973 and successfully experiencing economic growth. At the end of the last century Singapores currency moved from the position to be fixed on the pound Sterling and US dollar to floating, and now Singapore is a regional financial leader.  The Singapore case shows that, by having strong economic fundamentals, sufficient reserves and strong political objectives, moving from fixed up floating regime push the economy more forward, to more efficient way and safer position from speculative attacks. In present days, Hong Kong has the better position than Singapore in 1970s; hence changing exchange rate regime would be easier and safer. (Lu, et. al., 1999). Nevertheless, ignoring the factor that Hong Kong belongs to China and at the same time being one of the important trading partners, would be inappropriate. Due to cheaper land rent and cheaper employment availability, a large proportion of Hong Kong export manufacturing industries had set up their plants in China. China being one of the biggest and fast growing economies in present days, being an important trade partner, having lots of Hong Kong manufacturing industries, question arise here should have a Hong Kong repeg exchange rate regime from US dollar to Chinese Yuan? During the Asian crisis China protected Hong Kong from heavy crisis impact by having massive foreign exchange reserve of the HK dollar, and by subsidizing Hong Kong export manufacturing industries with credit supply and VAT repayments (Kueh et. al., 2002). Therefore, analysts are suggesting repegging to Chine se Yuan in order to gain economic and political advantages. Regardless of the high trade and economic relations between China and Hong Kong, Hong Kong government is not planning to repeg to Chinese Yuan. They are supporting their decision arguing that Chinese Yuan itself is de facto fixed to US dollar with similar objectives in order to maximize export earnings from United States and other foreign markets (Kueh et. al., 2002). However, according to Yues (2008) research re-pegging HK Dollar to Chinese Yuan is impractical due to the fact that HK Dollar is a fully convertible currency where as Chinese Yuan has yet to become a fully convertible currency. Furthermore, during the crisis Hong Kong dollar showed that it is very vulnerable to economic shocks and this instability may harm economic condition itself (Kueh et. al., 2002). In conclusion, changing Hong Kong regime from being fixed to US dollar to Chinese Yuan is inappropriate, as Chinese Renminbi itself fixed to US doll ar and pursuing similar objectives as Hong Kong economy. Another reason against pegging to Chinese Renminbi is that Chineses economy is not highly developed as Hong Kong economy, hence pegging to Chinese Renminbi will push back Hong Kongs economy. However, the stability of the Chinese economy and government decision made on not to devaluate the Renminbi, have attracted attention (Wei, et. al., 2000). Singapores case showed that floating exchange rate regime is more flexible during economic shocks as currency speculative attacks are less comparing with currency under fixed exchange regime. However, during the economic boom, both regimes show good performance and high future potentials. Suggesting changing exchange rate regime to new one or remaining with the current regime is an unclear, but floating exchange rate regime more promising. Word count: 1,518 References Altman, D., 2003. Dollar faces path of deeper slide. New York Times. Arestis, P., and Pelagidis, T., 2010. Greeces economic problems and euro threats are exaggerated. Guardian. Available at: https://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/01/greece-euro-economic-problems Bjornland, H., 2008. Oil price shocks and stock market booms in oil exporting country. Norges Bank. Available at: https://www.norges-bank.no/upload/english/publications/working%20papers/2008/norges_bank_working_paper_2008_16.pdf Chen, h., Fausten, D., and Wong, W.K., 2006. Evolution of dollar/euro exchange rate before and after the birth of euro and policy implications. Social science research network. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=924525 Cheung, Y.W., and Yuen, J., 2002. Effects of U.S. inflation on Hong Kong and Singapore. Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol.30, p.603-619. De Grauwe, P., 2000. Exchange rates in search of fundamentals: the case of the euro-do llar rates. International finance, Vol.3, No.3, p. 329-356. Dougherty, C., 2004. Dollars fall lands hard in Europe. NewYork Times. Escape artist,. What has caused the Euro to fluctuate against the Dollar and what does the future  hold? Available at: https://www.escapeartist.com/OREQ18/USDEUR.html Gold Investing, 2010. Gold price pushed the U.S. dollar depreciation. Available at: https://webodigy.com/gold-prices-pushed-the-u-s-dollar-depreciation.html Harui, R., 2007. Dollar falls to record on concern losses to spur Fed rate cut. Bloomberg. Kueh, Y.Y., and Ng, C.W., 2002. The interplay of the China factor and US dollar peg in the Hong Kong economy. Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies, The China quarterly, No.170, p. 387-412. Le, A., 2006. US dollar drops against euro, pound, and yen. Available at: https://www.gocurrency.com/forex-news/2006/11/28/us-dollar-drops-against-euro-pound-and-yen/ Lu, D., and Yu, Q., 1999. Hong Kongs exchange rate regime: Lesson from Singapore. China economic review, Vol.10, p.122-140. Lui, Y.H., and Peasnell, K.V., 1989. Time series behavior, predictability and speculation in the Honk Kong foreign exchange market. Journal of business finance and accounting. Macdonald, S., 2007. Who gains when the dollar sinks?. Yale Global. Available at: https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/who-gains-when-dollar-sinks McCauley, R., and McGuire, P., 2009. Dollar appreciation in 2008: safe haven, carry trades, dollar shortage and overhedging. BIS quarterly review. Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt0912.htm Meredith, G., 2001. Why has euro been so weak? IMF Working Paper, Vol.1, No.155. Neck, R., 2002. The euro after three years. Atlantic economic journal, Vol.30, No.3, p. 236-243. Paul, J.A., and Quenemoen, M., 2003. Fall of the dollar. Global policy forum. Rajan, R., and Seregar, R., 2002. Choice of exchange rate regime: currency board Hong Kong. Australian economic papers, p. 538-556. Sapir, A., 2005. The euro-dollar exchange rate: facts and policy. What future for Europes economic and social model?, Issue 13. Available at: https://www.epc.eu/en/ce.asp?TYP=CELV=177see=yt=42PG=CE/EN/detaill=3AI=427 Schnatz, B., Vijselaar, F., and Osbat, C., 2004. Productivity and euro-dollar exchange rate. Review of world economics. Vol.104, No.1. Shams, R., 2005. Dollar-euro exchange rate 1999-2004 dollar and euro as international currencies. Review of world economics, Vol.321. Tsang, S., Sin, C., and Cheng, Y., 1999. The robustness of Hong Kongs linked exchange rate system as a currency board arrangement. Available at: https://sktsang.computancy.com/attrachment/esem99.PDF Wei, S., Liu, S., Wang, Z., and Woo, W., 2000. The China money puzzle: will devaluation of the Yuan help or hurt the Honk Kong dollar?. China economic review, Vol.11, p.171-188. Yahoo Finance, 2010. USD/EUR (USDEUR=X). Available at: https://finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=USDEUR=X#chart3:symbol=usdeur=x;range=19990101,20100402;indicator=volume;charttype=line;crosshair=on;ohlcvalues=0;logscale=on

Why Nat Turners Rebellion Scared White Southerners

Nat Turner’s rebellion in 1831 frightened Southerners because it challenged the idea that slavery was a  benevolent institution. In speeches and writings, slave owners portrayed themselves not so much as ruthless businessmen exploiting a people for their labor but as kind and well-intentioned masters tutoring blacks in civilization and religion. A pervasive white Southern fear of rebellion, however, belied their own arguments that slaves were, in fact, happy. Uprisings like the one Turner staged in Virginia left no doubt that slaves wanted their freedom. Nat Turner, Prophet Turner was born into slavery on Oct. 2, 1800, in Southampton County, Va., on slaveholder Benjamin Turner’s farm. He recounts in his confession (published as The Confessions of Nat Turner) that even when he was young, his family believed he: â€Å"surely would be a prophet, as the Lord had shewn me things that had happened before my birth. And my father and mother strengthened me in this my first impression, saying in my presence, I was intended for some great purpose, which they had always thought from certain marks on my head and breast.† By his own account, Turner was a deeply spiritual man. He spent his youth praying and fasting, and one day, while taking a prayer break from plowing, he heard a voice: â€Å"The spirit spoke to me, saying ‘Seek ye the kingdom of Heaven and all things shall be added unto you.’† Turner was convinced throughout his adulthood that he had some great purpose in life, a conviction that his experience at the plow confirmed. He searched for that mission in life, and starting in 1825, he began receiving visions from God. The first occurred after he had run away and bade him return to slavery--Turner was told that he shouldn’t indulge his earthly wishes for freedom, but rather he was to serve the â€Å"kingdom of Heaven,† from bondage. From then on, Turner experienced visions that he believed meant he was to attack directly the institution of slavery. He had a vision of a spiritual battle--of black and white spirits at war--as well as a vision in which he was instructed to take up the cause of Christ. As the years passed, Turner waited for a sign that it was time for him to act. The Rebellion A startling eclipse of the sun in February of 1831 was the sign for which Turner had been waiting. It was time to strike against his enemies. He didn’t hurry--he gathered followers and planned. In August of that same year, they struck. At 2 a.m. on Aug. 21, Turner and his men killed the family of Joseph Travis on whose farm he had been a slave for over a year. Turner and his group then moved through the county, going from house to house, killing whites they encountered and recruiting more followers. They took money, supplies, and firearms as they traveled. By the time the white inhabitants of Southampton had become alerted to the rebellion, Turner and his men numbered approximately 50 or 60 and included five free black men. A battle between Turner’s force and white Southern men ensued on Aug. 22, around mid-day near the town of Jerusalem. Turner’s men dispersed in the chaos, but a remnant remained with Turner to continue the fight. The state militia fought Turner and his remaining followers on Aug. 23, but Turner eluded capture until Oct. 30. He and his men had managed to kill 55 white Southerners. The Aftermath of Nat Turner’s Rebellion According to Turner, Travis had not been a cruel master, and that was the paradox that white Southerners had to face in the aftermath of Nat Turner’s Rebellion. They attempted to delude themselves that their slaves were content, but Turner forced them to confront the innate evil of the institution. White Southerners responded brutally to the rebellion. They executed 55 slaves for participating in or supporting the revolt, including Turner, and other angry whites killed over 200 African-Americans in the days after the rebellion. Turners rebellion not only pointed to the lie that slavery was a benevolent institution but also showed how white Southerners own Christian beliefs supported his bid for freedom. Turner described his mission in his confession: â€Å"The Holy Ghost had revealed itself to me, and made plain the miracles it had shown me—For as the blood of Christ had been shed on this earth, and had ascended to heaven for the salvation of sinners, and was now returning to earth again in the form of dew—and as the leaves on the trees bore the impression of the figures I had seen in the heavens, it was plain to me that the Saviour was about to lay down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and the great day of judgment was at hand.† Sources â€Å"Africans in America.† PBS.org.  Haskins, Jim et al. â€Å"Nat Turner† in African-American Religious Leaders. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2008.Oates, Stephen. The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner’s Fierce Rebellion. New York: HarperCollins, 1990.Turner, Nat. .The Confessions of Nat Turner Baltimore: Lucas Deaver, 1831.

Moral Poison Heathcliff as an Antihero - 1291 Words

In literature, a hero is fundamentally a paragon of moral strength while a villain is a challenger of virtue. As the protagonist of Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff fulfills the broadest definition of a literary hero but this only thinly veils his dark delight in causing torment that places him squarely in the realms of villainy. His only trace of humanity is revealed by the transcendent love he shares with Catherine. It is this value that evokes sympathy from the audience and mitigates his immorality, rendering him an antihero rather than a villain. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s choice to portray Heathcliff so heinously allows vengeance to overwhelm love as the salient theme of the novel and therefore elucidates the darkest and most†¦show more content†¦The way in which the novel is structured allows for more sympathy towards Heathcliff, as the reader experiences his hardships and isolation in childhood that become causes of his actions later on in the novel. The story begins with a portrait of Heathcliff as a cold, reserved host, establishing the personality he has as an adult before jumping back to his childhood. Because of the lack of background information, the reader automatically distances themself from Heathcliff. As the plot returns to the past and reveals the unwarranted terrorizing to which Hindley subjects Heathcliff, the reader begins to grasp the reason why he grows up into such a desensitized, unpleasant adult. With the experience of Heathcliff’s difficult upbringing, the reader also better understands his need to exact revenge on Hindley, his love for Catherine (as it grew out of the isolation of his childhood), and the parallel between Hareton’s childhood and his own. The progression of his character becomes apparent and the contempt for Heathcliff from the beginning of the novel is softened by the sympathy that comes from understanding the reasons behind his behavior. Heathcliff’s role as an antiher o stems from his imbalance of good and bad characteristics and the way that the novel is presented allows

Statistics and Business Research Method CSR Activities

Question: Discuss about the Statistics and Business Research Method for CSR Activities. Answer: Introduction: The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has predominantly emerged over the past few decades. The concept of CSR is gaining more importance in this evolving business environment. As the competition is increasing in the market, organizations are becoming more conscious about their social responsibilities. Since, it can have great impact on the overall image of an organization. As a result, corporate managers are introducing different unique strategies so that it can able to perform all the social responsibilities properly. In Australia, CSR is considered as one of the vibrant topic for discussion. Since, Australian government is based on the Federal government aspects, the rules and regulations are defined accordingly. In this study, the focus will be on the concept CSR practiced by the Australian organizations and its impact on the market value. Literature review: Background information: Since the 1960s, CSR and its related terms like corporate social responses, corporate social responsiveness, corporate citizenship, corporate social performance and corporate philanthropy have been conceptualized. Thereafter, the concept has continuously able to grow regarding its significance on the business. Chomvilailuk and Butcher (2013) mentioned CSR as a social obligation that will have to perform by every organization in order to become a good corporate citizen. The article has also mentioned that over the years several theories has made on the concept of CSR. According to the Carroll theory, every organization will have to focus on the four factors in order to represent in self as a good corporate citizen. The four factors are economic responsibilities, legal responsibilities, ethical responsibilities and philanthropic responsibilities. However, Lock and Seele (2015) highlighted these factors are not at all mutually exclusive. It highlighted that economic responsibilities rep resented that organizations are supposed to provide high quality services and goods so that the society can able to have benefit from it. In case of Legal responsibility, organizations will have to focus on the social laws and regulations that are imposed on the organization by the host country government. Ethical responsibility in CSR reflects the expectation of the society from an organization. Since, Chan, Watson and Woodliff (2014) mentioned that organizations are now considered as one of the important member of any community or society. Therefore, it had to perform more than just to concentrate on its business perspectives. Philanthropic responsibility represents additional responsibilities of the organization for the well-being of the society, which not mentioned in any rules and regulations. As per the article by Low and Ang (2013) organizations will have to perform its social responsibilities not only to become as good member of the society but also it can have major impact on the business perspectives as well. With increasing amount of competition, every organization is looking to utilize several strategies, which will help the organization to increase its present level of revenue. However, the article also mentioned that organizations would have to perform from the perspectives of social responsibilities. It contradicted with the comment made by an famous economist Milton Friedman over the concept of CSR. In Friedman theory, it was mentioned that organizations only responsibility was to increase its revenue level. However, this theory regarding the social responsibility of CSR has faced several types of criticisms, as many studies have contradicted with this comment. According to Rao and Tilt (2016) stakeholder theory is one of the important foundation of CSR. The article highlighted two prime motivational factors that induce organizations to perform its CSR activities properly. Firstly, performance of social responsibility helps the organizations to develop a strong stakeholder relationship. It is important, as it will help organizations to maintain its sustainable growth of long time. It will also help the organizations to overcome the tuff market challenges in a much effective way, as strong stakeholder relationship will provide continues support to the organization. Another factor that Stakeholder theory highlighted is the moral perspective of the organization (Wilson 2012). As organizations considered as a member of the society, it induces organizations to perform more social work that can influence the overall growth of the society. However, Lucas, Cunningham and Lamberton (2013) mentioned that organizations acts in a socially responsible manner when they align their behavior with demand and norms embraced by their major stakeholders. Since, it helps the organization to increase its value in the market. In addition, studies have also found that maintaining social responsibilities properly allows the organizations to maintain its internal work environment properly. As per the article Thirarungrueang (2013) ethical responsibility influences organization to provide higher benefit to its employees. In fact, in present business environment, employees expected to receive more such as health insurance, training and skill development program from the organization. Therefore, if an organization able to perform its social and ethical responsibilities properly, it will help to increase the motivational level of the employees. However, Young (2013) mentioned that providing additional benefits to the employees and society wi ll require additional investment from the organization. Therefore, it highly depends on the leadership or management decision of the company. As a result, many studies have tried to incorporate the concept of CSR in to the leadership theory. Leadership approach based on the concept of CSR is named as responsible leadership and it is evaluated as the ability and art in developing, cultivating and maintain a trustful relationships with all the stakeholders of the company, which will eventually help the organization to maintain its sustainable growth for a longer periods. As per the article by Wesley (2013) CSR theory helps organization to develop a strong goodwill that can have major impact on the future businesses as well. Hence, performing and maintaining social responsibility also has major impact on the business aspect of organizations. Therefore, it is up to the organizations to utilize it properly not only for the well-being of the society but also for the enhancement of the revenue level as well. Conceptual framework: Conceptual framework of the study allows the researcher to utilize different theories and models that can help to identify the affect CSR practices in the organizational performances. Figure 1: Corporate social responsibility impact on the market value; Source: Sarker 2015) Literature gap: The significance of CSR is continuously growing in the present business environment. Therefore, many aspects of CSR are yet to evaluate to its fullest. However, many studies have identified that CSR practiced properly by fewer organizations in Australia as compared to other countries like USA and UK. Different studies have highlighted different factors for this lower level of CSR practice. For instance, many studies have identified Federal government has huge influence on this minimum level of CSR practice in Australia, as companies have to deal with many rule and regulations. Therefore, it eventually increases the operational cost of the companies, which does not allow them to invest huge amount in the social responsibility perspectives. However, many studies also heighted other factor as a major cause of this minimum practice, Therefore, in this study the researcher will focus on all the factors related to CSR so that the study can able depict actual result. Research questions: The researcher formulates researcher questions for evaluating the research topic of CSR practice by Australian organization in a systematic manner. The research questions described as follows: What is the prime reason for the lack of CSR practices in Australia? What is the significance of CSR in the present business environment? How CSR practices can able to help Australian organizations to emerge as a good corporate citizen? Which approach can be the most appropriate way for the adaptation of CSR in Australia? Research methodology: Research methodology is a very important factor for evaluation of any research topic. It reflects several tools and techniques to capture information related to the topic of the study. It also assists the researcher in the analysis part of the study so that the research study can able to fulfill its objective successfully (Kaine and Wright 2013). The selection of research methodology highly depends on the nature of the research. Normally, research design divided under three categories such as explanatory, exploratory and descriptive research design (Tench, Sun and Jones 2014). For t6his particular study, the researcher will select exploratory research design, as it will help to explore the research topic in a much more detail way. Exploratory research design will also help the researcher to gain in-depth knowledge about the topic of the study that will eventually create a positive impact on the outcome of the study. In this study, the researcher will select quantitative method to ana lyze the topic of the study. Since, CSR is a broad concept, quantitative research method will help the researcher to identify a trend regarding the objective of the study. On the other hand, the researcher will not focus on the qualitative research method, as it will require additional time and money. The researcher also selected the exploratory research design, as it will allow implementing combination of data collection procedure in this particular study. Therefore, the researcher can collect both secondary and primary data for the successful completion of the study. Furthermore, it will also help the researcher to interpret the captured data in an effective way. Research approach is another important factor that the researcher will have to consider in order to fulfill the requirement of the study. Research approach has two parts such as deductive research approach and inductive research approach (Sen and Cowley 2013). In this study, the researcher will select the inductive approach, as it will help the researcher to evaluate and interpret capture data. In addition, this research approach includes several theories and concepts for investing the impact of CSR on the Australian organizations. The researcher will utilize inductive approach by the help of three processes such as observations, theory and pattern. Since, these steps will allow the researcher to evaluate the topic of the study in an effective manner. Furthermore, inductive approach has high data intensity. Therefore, it will help the researcher to enhance the quality of the study. In this particular study, the researcher will accumulate relevant information and raw data on the conce pt of CSR in the Australian business so that the study can able to identify the exact reason for the minimum CSR practice in Australia. Project plan: Calculation of project plan referred to the MS-Excel Figure 2: Gantt chart (Source: As created by the author) Description of research process: For successful completion of the study, the researcher will execute systematic method so that the study regarding CSR practices by Australian organizations can complete within the timeframe. The researcher process includes specific stages that will enable the researcher to investigate effectively the topic of the study (Plewa et al. 2015). In the first stage, the researcher will select will focus on the identification of the major factors regarding the topic of the study. In the second stage, the researcher will develop the aim and objectives of the research topic. It will also help the researcher formulate research questions regarding the topic of the study. In the third stage, the researcher will conduct literature review. Since, it will allow the researcher to include several theoretical approaches regarding the topic of the research study. Therefore, it will help the researcher to understand the significance of the research topic. The researcher will utilize different books, maga zines, journals and websites for executing literature review in a systematic way. In the fourth stage, the researcher will focus on the data collection method so that it can able to capture reliable and valid information regarding the topic of the study. The fifth stage will focus on the data analysis technique so that the study can able to describe actual result. In the final stage, the researcher will compile the entire research work in an appropriate manner so that the research topic can able to come to a conclusion. Figure 2: Research process (Source: Rahim 2015) Description of data collection and data analysis method: Data collection method: Data collection is among the prime factor that helps the researcher investigate the topic of the research. Traditionally, method for data collection divided into primary and secondary data collection method (Rao 2013). In this particular study, the research will include both primary and secondary data collection technique so that the outcome of the research can able to depict actual result. For the primary data collection purpose, the researcher will conduct face-to-face interview process. The researcher will also develop a questionnaire that will only have quantitative questions. The researcher will select quantitative question, as it will help the researcher to identify the trend of the outcome. The researcher will collect primary data so that the study can able to get practical information regarding the topic of the study. For primary data collection purpose, the researcher will select face-to-face interaction because it will help the researcher to evaluate the psychology of the r espondents. On the other hand, the researcher will collect secondary information relevant to the research topic from online platforms. The researcher will also utilize different business magazines, newspapers for secondary data collection. The researcher will consider secondary data, as will help the researcher to have an in-depth analysis regarding the topic of the study. Figure 3: Data collection method (Source: Galbreath and Shum 2012) Data analysis method: Data analysis is an integral part of any research study, as it helps the researcher to evaluate the captured information in an effective way. As mentioned earlier, in this study the researcher will only focus on the quantitative technique. Since, it will allow the researcher to implement several statistical tools for data analysis. In this study, the researcher will also utilize sampling technique. Now, sampling technique divided into two categories probability and non-probability sampling (Young and Marais 2012). In the study, the researcher will focus to collect primary data from the senior personnel of different organization. Hence, the researcher will have to select non-probability sampling, as it will help the researcher to select any group or individual fro the primary data collection purpose. Figure 4: Sampling technique (Source: Haskià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Leventha 2013) In the data analysis part, the researcher will also implement statistical techniques like Mean, Mode, Median and Standard deviation so that the accumulated data can able to represent the objective of the research study. The researcher will also utilize correlation and Regression technique for this particular study. The researcher will implement statistical intervention so that it can able to enhance the quality of the study. In this data analysis part, the researcher will also include different theoretical aspects from the section of literature review in order to investigate the significance of CSR in Australian organizations. Expected research outcomes: It is expected that the research will able to capture a broad range of information regarding to the topic of the research study. Analytical framework engagement will help the researcher to evaluate the rationale of the study. Investigation of the research topic will also help the researcher to identify specific issues related to the concept of CSR. It also will allow the researcher to highlight the future aspects of this particular study. In addition, the research outcome will give information regarding the CSR practices by Australian organization. Thus, the outcome of the research will be reliable for further utilization in future. References: Chan, M.C., Watson, J. and Woodliff, D., 2014. Corporate governance quality and CSR disclosures.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), pp.59-73. Chomvilailuk, R. and Butcher, K., 2013. The effect of CSR knowledge on customer liking, across cultures.International journal of bank marketing,31(2), pp.98-114. Galbreath, J. and Shum, P., 2012. Do customer satisfaction and reputation mediate the CSRFP link? Evidence from Australia.Australian Journal of Management,37(2), pp.211-229. Haskià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Leventhal, D., 2013. Employee engagement in CSR: The case of payroll giving in Australia.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(2), pp.113-128. Kaine, S. and Wright, C.F., 2013. Conceptualising CSR in the context of the shifting contours of Australian employment regulation.Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work,23(1), pp.54-68. Lock, I. and Seele, P., 2015. Analyzing Sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Specific CSR Reporting: Social and Environmental Disclosure to Investors in the Chemicals and Banking and Insurance Industry.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(2), pp.113-128. Low, K.C. and Ang, S.L., 2013. Christianity and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).Encyclopaedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, DOI,10, pp.978-3. Lucas, T., Cunningham, R. and Lamberton, G., 2013. Small business engagement with sustainability in regional Australia. Plewa, C., Conduit, J., Quester, P.G. and Johnson, C., 2015. The impact of corporate volunteering on CSR image: A consumer perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,127(3), pp.643-659. Rahim, M.M., 2015. Regulating Quality in CSR Reporting in Australia.Rahim, Mia Mahmudur, Vicario, Victor (2015)'Regulating Quality in CSR Reporting in Australia', New Zealand University Law Review. Rao, K. and Tilt, C., 2016. Board diversity and CSR reporting: an Australian study.Meditari Accountancy Research,24(2). Rao, K.K., 2013.Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility: a critical review(Doctoral dissertation, Flinders University). Sarker, T., 2015. Engaging Community Stakeholders for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Mining: An Exploratory Study. Sen, S. and Cowley, J., 2013. The relevance of stakeholder theory and social capital theory in the context of CSR in SMEs: An Australian perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,118(2), pp.413-427. Tench, R., Sun, W. and Jones, B., 2014. Introduction: CSR communication as an emerging field of study.Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability,6, pp.3-21. Thirarungrueang, K., 2013. Rethinking CSR in Australia: time for binding regulation?.International Journal of Law and Management,55(3), pp.173-200. Wesley, A., 2013. The socio-political construction and experience of corporate social responsibility (CSR): An investigation into the conflict surrounding the James Price Point LNG precinct, Kimberley, Western Australia. Wilson, N., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility, the Business Judgment Rule and Human Rights in Australia-Warm Inner Glow or Warming the Globe.Monash UL Rev.,38, p.148. Young, S. and Marais, M., 2012. A Multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ level Perspective of CSR Reporting: The Implications of National Institutions and Industry Risk Characteristics.Corporate Governance: An International Review,20(5), pp.432-450. Young, S., 2013. Governance and CSR Links.Impact Opinion posted May,1.