All About Comment Clauses in English

A comment clause, commonly heard in everyday speech and used in dialogue to  give it a natural tone, is a short word group, such as you see and I think, that adds a parenthetical remark to another word group. Its also called a  comment tag, a commenting tag or a parenthesis. You might not have known the name of it, but its guaranteed you use and hear it just about every day. Examples and Observations of a Comment Clause Commonly occurring examples [of comment clauses] are Im sure, Im afraid, I admit, I gather, I dare say and you see, you know, mind you, you must admit. Many comment clauses are stereotyped fillers which are inserted into running speech in order to establish informal contact with the hearer. When the subject is realized by I, their function is to inform the hearer of the speakers degree of certainty (I know/I suppose) or of her emotional attitude to the content of the matrix clause. -Carl Bache, Essentials of Mastering English (2000)As you know, the concept of the suction pump is centuries old. Really thats all this is except that instead of sucking water, Im sucking life. -Christopher Guest as Count Rugen in The Princess Bride (1987)The presentation went quite well, I believe.All time is all time. It does not change. It does not lend itself to warnings or explanations. It simply is. Take it moment by moment, and you will find that we are all, as Ive said before, bugs in amber. -Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five  (1969)They [comment clauses] are so called because they do not so much add to the information in a sentence as comment on its truth, the manner of saying it or the attitude of the speaker. -Gunther Kaltenbock, Spoken Parenthetical Clauses in English: A Taxonomy (2007)Fly high above the cloudsOn the wings of a dreamI hear your whisper loud—Or so it seems. -Jackie Lomax, Or So It Seems Signals in Conversation The comment clauses you know and you see require some kind of response from the listeners, which, in a narrative turn, are more likely to be paralinguistic than vocal. Nods of the head, direct eye contact and minimal vocalizations like mm will satisfy the speaker that he still has the audiences consent to continue dominating the turn-taking. -Sara Thorne, Mastering Advanced English Language (2008) Comment Clauses and Relative Clauses In an example like Margaret Thatcher is now a life Baroness, which everyone knows, we can replace which with as with virtually no change of meaning. But unlike which, as is not generally used as a relative but as a conjunction. Note also that as everyone knows is positionally less restricted than which everyone knows: It could also be placed initially or medially. We, therefore, do not classify such an as-clause as a sentential relative clause but as a comment clause. -C. Bache and N. Davidsen-Nielsen, Mastering English  (1997)

The Nature of Battered Relationships and a Model of...

In an article written by Albert R. Roberts, a five-level classificatory typology specifying the duration and brutality of woman battering was studied by interviewing 501 battered women. Through the interviews, it was found that the length and severity of abuse ranged from short-term to chronic to homicidal levels. A number of differences were identified between short-term and long-term batterers. One of the major differences noted was that most of the chronic batterers and their victims consisted of mostly individuals with a low level of education as 40% of them were high school dropouts and the other 40% were high school graduates that did not pursue any tertiary education. Also, 39% of these individuals had low annual incomes or were receiving public assistance or unemployment compensation that was regarded as being at poverty level. Whereas, short-term batterers and their victims were either of the middle-class or upper middle –class that had either completed college course s or even graduated from college and had a decent annual income. The severity of abuse impacts the battered women negatively and often leads to high rates of medical issues as well as mental health problems that are of great risk (Roberts, 2006, 522). The current study focused on the nature and extend of the battering relationships suffered by the abused women. â€Å"[C]hecking onset, duration, self-reported worst incident, and injuries† were the key interview points of this study; however, criticalShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Behavior And Abusive Situations2132 Words   |  9 Pagesand remaining out of abusive relationships. Such factors include economic, religious, cultural, and psychological (.e.g. fear, learned helplessness, self-esteem). 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Construct the Efficient Frontier Free Essays

Construction a. Estimation The goal is to obtain the raw ingredients – expected returns, standard deviations and correlations. Historical data are used for this purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on Construct the Efficient Frontier or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a rule of thumb, five years of daily data are probably right (one year should be the absolute minimum). Keep in mind the following: 1) make sure to use the adjusted close prices to calculate returns (so that you won’t have large, spurious negative returns due to dividend payments or splits), and 2) calculate log returns (so that you can aggregate daily returns to obtain holding period returns, if ever needed). In Excel, the function for mean and standard deviation are â€Å"= average (range)† and â€Å"stdev(range). † To calculate the correlation matrix, use â€Å"correlation† under â€Å"data analysis. † Please note, in practice, the estimates can be adjusted in view of economic outlooks. This is especially so for expected returns. Sometimes, the realized historical returns are negative or below the risk-free rate. They must be adjusted upward – who would ever buy a stock and expect to receive a return less than the risk-free rate (if the beta is not negative)!? II.Efficient frontier construction Step 1. Variance/covariance matrix, The expected return and variance for the portfolio are: You can think of the variance as the â€Å"weighted average† of all the covariances, ? i? j? ij where the weights are xi and xj. Of course, the variance terms are special cases of the covariances when i=j, and ? ij=1. You can calculate the portfolio variance in the spreadsheet in many different ways. The way I do it is to first calculate the variance/covariance matrix, whose entries are ? i? j? ij and ? i2. To this end, we first construct the tandard deviation (std) matrix and the correlation matrix, as shown in the spreadsheet. Then, first multiple the std matrix to the correlation matrix to obtain (multiply the range of b3.. g8 to the range of b10.. g15). Then, multiple matrix to the std matrix again (multiply the range of b17.. g22 to the range of b3.. g8) to obtain the variance/covariance matrix in b24.. g29. Step 2. Portfolio’s return, variance, standard deviation and slope To obtain the portfolio variance, we need to further multiply each entry of the variance/covariance matrix by their corresponding weights, xi and xj.Remember, those n portfolio weights are what we are trying to solve for. So we put them in a column (a34. . a39). To facilitate the calculations, I also place the weights at the top of the matrix. The variance/covariance matrix is simply copied from Step 1. Since we will also need the security returns to calculate the portfolio return, they are placed in j33.. j39. Now, we multiply the weights to each column of the variance/covariance matrix using the function â€Å"=sumproduct. † This â€Å"sumproduct† results in each weight in (a34.. 39) being multiplied to each entry in the variance/covariance column, and then all summed up. The variance/covariance terms will have only one weight being multiplied to. So we need to multiply this sum by another weight at the top of the matrix (remember: multiplying the sum by something is equivalent to multiplying each individual item by the same thing). Summing all the items in b40. . g40, we obtain the portfolio’s variance, and taking square root of it, we have its standard deviation, in cell b45. The portfolio’s return in b44 is calculated as the weighted average of individual security returns.The slope of the CML is simply the rise (i. e. , portfolio’s return minus the risk-free rate) over run (i. e. , the portfolio’s std). Step 3. Obtain minimum variance portfolio: minimize STD subject to sum of weight = 1. 0 The minimum variance portfolio is the one that has the lowest variance among all possible portfolios. We use the â€Å"Solver† in Excel to find this portfolio. We would like to vary the weights in a34.. a39 so that the variance (or equivalently, std in cell b45) is minimized. In the â€Å"Solver,† enter b45 as the target, and choose â€Å"min. The range for â€Å"Changing cells† should be a34.. a39. The only constraint is: all the weights sum to one, i. e. , set cell b42 equal to 1. 0. Then simply click on â€Å"solve. † The solutions will be in a34.. a39. Of course, the portfolio’s return and std are simultaneously calculated in cells b44 and b45, and the slope linking the portfolio and the T-bill is in cell b46. Step 4. Obtain market portfolio: maximize Slope subject to sum of weight = 1. 0 Follow the same logic/procedure as in Step 3, except that you want to maximize cell b46. Step 5.Obtain market portfolio with no short selling: maximize Slope subject to sum of weights = 1. 0 and all weight being positive This part is just for completeness: to show you how to construct the market portfolio when short selling is prohibited. Here you also maximize cell b46, except that, aside from the weights-summing-to-one constraint, you would add six more constraints: a34 ;gt; 0, a35 ;gt; 0, †¦, a39 ;gt; 0. It turns out that, the weights on Securities 2 and 3 are zero, since they command the most amount of short selling in the unconstrained case (Step 4).However, it is not always true that any security that is being shorted in the unconstrained case will have a weight of zero in the constrained case. Security 5 is a case in point. Step 6. Generating efficient frontier Here, everything is already self-explanatory. Essentially, we need to plot the parabola and the CML. To this end, we first get the functions for each, and then use Excel to generate some points (50 in my example) within the reasonable range of returns and std. How to cite Construct the Efficient Frontier, Papers

Muted Group Theory free essay sample

Websters Dictionary defines communication a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior. Our textbook Introducing Communication Theory says that communication depends on our ability to understand one another (West, Turner 2010). Both of these definitions are correct, however they can be analyzed as complete opposites. The definition I will be using for this paper will be the definition that focuses on the ability to understand each other. This definition is essential to understanding the Muted Group Theory. Cheris Kramarae developed the Muted Group Theory, and as she developed it she said womens thoughts and words were devalued in society causing them to be a muted group. The Muted group Theory is important because it is concerned with power and how it is used against people. This theory separates the idea of power between men and women, and bases its foundation upon language being culturally bound (Ardner 1975). We will write a custom essay sample on Muted Group Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It explains how and why certain groups in society are muted and not heard. Women are thought to be built differently than ales, and these differences cause women to act differently than their male counterparts. These differences are the reason why women (and minorities) are considered muted groups because they are considered to be lower in status than the dominant groups (Griffin, 1996). Muted Group Theory is based on 3 assumptions. The first assumption states man and women see the world differently based on their past experiences and activities rooted in the division of labor. The second assumption states because men tend to have political dominance, mens system of perception is ominant, impeding the free expression of womens alternative models of the world. The third assumption states in order to participate in society, women must transform their own models in terms of the received male system of expression (West, Turner 2010). Communication theorist tried to come up with hypotheses about how women communicate. The first hypothesis was that women have a harder time communicating than men. Second, women understand what men mean more than men understand what women mean. Third, Women communicate with each other sing media not accepted by the dominant male communicator. Forth, Women are less satisfied with communication than men. Fifth, Women are not likely to create new words, but sometimes do so to create meanings special and unique to women (Kramarae 1981). Muting of a certain group can be applied and seen to many cultural groups (Orbe 1995). In the article African American communication research: Toward a deeper understanding of interethnic communication, it is stated that research performed by the dominant white European culture has created a view of African- American communication, how they are muted when it comes to being dominated by the white European society (Orbe 1995). In conclusion, The Muted Group Theory helps us understand the dominant groups in our society. It also gives us a greater understanding about the suppression of the less powerful groups. We learn how different individuals gain their voice, based on where their social status and/or gender.